Why The Treaty Was Needed

In 1830 there where native Māori and non-native Europeans living in New Zealand. The behaviour of the Whalers, the Missionaries’ desire to help protect Māori rights and the Musket Wars were reasons that a treaty was needed. The Declaration of Independence was another contributing factor to the need for a treaty.

The behaviour of the European whalers in NZ during 1830 was abysmal, to say the least. Whalers in NZ would easily spend months at a time in the ocean hunting dangerous marine life such as sperm whales. With most if not all of the crew were men and it’s the 1830’s there would, of course, be some trouble once they arrived back in town. Once back in town there would be rampant prostitution, drinking and fights. Maori would regularly face the problem of Whalers returning to their town just to get drunk have sex and spread disease (including STDs). Fights would also break out with Maori most likely getting involved as presumably many of the whalers would easily be at least partially racist towards them. The only good thing coming out of this would have been the trade aspect for the Maori but besides that, it was a nightmare. With a government in place, laws would presumably be established stopping such disgusting behaviour by these whalers. 

In New Zealand, during the British colonisation period, Missionaries were crucial in the treaty of Waitangi being signed. Missionaries came to New Zealand to convert the Maori to Christianity and in order to do that they realised they would have to become friendly towards the Maori. They would trade with the Maori regularly as well as provide tools and teach them new technologies such as farming. Missionaries were concerned over the mass purchase of land in New Zealand so they began purchasing land themselves then handing it over to the Maori as a show of goodwill. The muskets wars were resulting in thousands of Maori deaths and slaves, with french threats rising and whalers causing trouble the displeased missionaries would seek to create some sort of stability such as a government.

The musket wars were horrific. Maori had been shown muskets by the British and learned how great of a weapon they were, they would give anything for them. Millions of Maori died to their own culture as the new weapon traded by the European was incredibly powerful compared to their previous weapons. Maori had a tribalistic culture with a warrior-like lifestyle, they fought to protect their iwi and had to hunt and gather food in increasingly dangerous environments. Wars already waging between tribes would have one side all of a sudden come back with muskets and massacre the other. After the first tribe got theirs a chain reaction started were the next tribe needed it for protection or against a tribe they where fighting and then the cycle continued until you either had a musket or you were dead. In order to afford muskets, many tribes would trade food and the tribeswomen in order to pay for the muskets. This changed their lifestyle forcing them to stop growing or hunting certain types of food because it wasn’t effective enough or the British didn’t like it. The death and misery caused by the musket wars was a massive factor in the declaration of independence and the treaty.

Why did the British sign a declaration and then push a treaty? Early on when the Maori were still prospering despite the musket wars they were given the opportunity to have a declaration of independence. This declaration was the result of Missionarys pushing fair rights for the Maori, the British wanted to stop other powers colonising New Zealand and Maori wanting to keep their traditional ways without British interference. The declaration allowed for Maori to have more independence from other powers and allowing them to govern themselves. However, shortly after the signing of the declaration of independence, the British government decided that they wanted New Zealand under British rule. To make this a thing they pushed for more colonisation and the treaty of Waitangi.

In conclusion, a treaty was needed for New Zealand to get to where we are today. However that does not exclude the fact that thousands of Maori died to injustice because of the British, the treaty itself was a way for the British to gain power over the Maori for New Zealand. I think it should still be celebrated, New Zealand doesn’t have many events like this happen and despite the injustice caused by the events, it left New Zealand in a better spot than it would be. We changed because of these events and learnt from them, now Maori and Pakeha are equal by the law and generally live happily together in New Zealand. In the end, the treaty was worth it.

ALl about phones

For social studies recently we have started looking at devices and technology. For the first bit we have looked at how much time is both spent on our devices and what devices we use the most.

As you can see most people in our class use their devices from 11-20 hours while the most used device is a phone. Below will be the history of phones as a timeline

How are metals used in our bodies?

How are metals used in our bodies?

Metals are used across the world in many different ways, they are used in the making of structures, computers and body replacements like titanium joints. Titanium joints were introduced around the 1950s and are still a common thing today. Titanium has almost perfect properties for body part replacement, for example, it is immune to corrosion, non-magnetic (meaning it isn't attracted to other metals), lighter than steel, a high boiling and melting point (meaning on a hot day it's not just gonna boil or melt inside you). 

However, titanium is also used in other things to do with the body other than joints. Titanium teeth (dental implants) is a two-stage process used to replace missing teeth. First, a titanium implant is put into each of the empty where a tooth used to be. If a tooth was recently removed you will not be able to get an implant there for 6-8 weeks as the dentists will want to watch out for any inflammation or infection. 8 weeks after this your gum is opened and the dentists will place an abutment then the gum is re-closed. 1-2 weeks afterwards the gums should have healed and teeth look-alikes are placed inside your mouth to make it look like you have normal teeth. 

We in a way also have natural "metals" in our body's. One of these is of course calcium. However like every other "metal" in our body, it is not in a solid-state, in fact, it is just an ion with a plus +2 charge. Some natural metals inside our body are quite crucial for our survival. Cobalt ions are crucial in making red blood cells while iron can transport oxygen and other chemicals in our body. Calcium helps with bone strength, nerve function and blood clotting. There are two types of important metals in our body's, major minerals and trace minerals. Major minerals are needed in large quantities inside our body whereas trace minerals aren't found in as large quantities. Major minerals include calcium, chloride, magnesium and potassium to name a few. Trace minerals include chromium, copper, fluoride, iodine and iron to name a few. Both types are equally important in our health the only difference is the quantity you find.

Earths Magnetic Field

Earths Magnetic Field

The earth's magnetic field is an invisible layered shield around earth's atmosphere it protects us and the atmosphere from dangerous particles coming from space. However, it does not stop things such as gamma rays. Without it we would not be alive, but how does it "stop" these particles?

Let's start with looking at how it reacts to solar winds. The solar wind is created when the temperature of the outer layer of a star reaches 1.1 million degrees this temperature causes the particles to move at extremely fast speeds. Because of this incredibly increased movement, the suns gravity can not contain all of them so a lot of them break off and begin travelling in random directions creating a "wind". These groups of particles are called plasma. The plasma radiate extremely deadly amounts of radiation. When these particles hit the earth they would pretty much end life as we know it. There could be a few survivors and a possible rebuild but most of all life on earth would be destroyed. However, our magnetic field stops these particles from hitting us.

The solar wind mainly consists of two groups of particles, Alpha particles and Beta particles. Alpha particles are made when the nucleus of an unstable radioactive atom let's 2 protons and neutrons go. These two protons and neutrons then form the alpha particle. This process can also change the element of the unstable atom, for example, Plutonium which has 94 protons will become Uranium with 92 protons. Alpha particles are very weak in fact they can't even penetrate paper! Beta particles are made from beta decay. There are two types of beta decay one being beta minus decay and the other being beta plus decay. Beta minus decay is when a neutron in the nucleus of an unstable atom turns into an electron, proton and Antineutrino. The electron and Antineutrino fly away creating a beta particle while the nucleus gains a proton and changes elements based on that. Eg: Carbon with 6 protons can turn into nitrogen with 7 protons. Beta-decay plus is mostly the same except the atoms end with one less proton also changing its element. Once these particles in the solar wind hit a magnetic field they are each attracted to different parts of the field. There are positive parts of the field and negative parts of the field, Alpha particles are attracted to the negative parts of the field whereas beta particle are attracted to the positive part of the fields.

Every now and then (more common when the sun has reached a solar maximum in its 11-year cycle) the sun will shoot a larger burst of plasma, this is known as a CME or Coronal Mass Ejection. When a normal solar wind and a CME combine it can cause massive damage to the planet. In fact, it pushes our magnetic field on the backside causing our field to sometimes push together in parts. Charged particles would then stream towards the magnetic poles creating an Aurora Borealis in the upper regions.

Many planets do not have a magnetic field like we do, therefore solar winds and CME's ravage their planet leaving them mostly barren. It is believed this is because of the core of each floating rock. It is believed that in the middle of the earth is a solid core made mostly of iron. This iron is as hot as the surface of the sun but the pressure of gravity down there keeps it from melting. The deeper you go into the earth the bigger the pressure, this is a big reason why we haven't explored all the ocean or gone too deep into the ground. Surrounding this is the outer core which is made of iron and other metals but the pressure is too low to keep it solid therefore the metals there are liquid. Despite the iron being liquid it still conducts the flow of electrons that make up electrical current very well. This flow then creates a magnetic field around the earth.

Boomerang

We made a boomerang to represent aboriginal culture. Mine symbolized unity and the wildlife with the paintings on it. The purpose of this activity was for us to learn more about the aboriginals and how they used the boomerang. It, after all, was a crucial part of how they hunted.

Making Sherbet

Making Sherbet

Aim: To make Sherbet with dry ingredients.

Equipment required: A small bag to contain the Sherbet, a tablespoon, a teaspoon, raro, icing sugar, baking soda, citric acid and tartaric acid.



Method: 

1.  Gather all your ingredients.
2. Get your plastic bag and then pour in a tablespoon of raro and icing sugar.
3. Pour a teaspoon of baking soda, citric acid and tartaric acid.
4. Seal the bag and begin to shake it for a minute or two until it looks like it is properly mixed.
5. Taste it then repeat (if you wish). To not eat too much of it in a day otherwise you will get Diarrhea. If it tastes a bit to bitter add more acid and if it tastes to sour add some more baking soda.

The science behind what happens

You will notice that once water makes contact with the mixture it begins to foam. This is a chemical reaction where the saliva from your mouth, in this case, causes the citric acid crystals to dissolve. Meanwhile, the citric acid is also reacting with the bicarbonate of soda (baking soda). This is because when an acid reacts with water the protons dissociate and spread out in the water these protons are H+ (Hydrogen) ions. Once this is done the acid will decompose because of it's losing of protons. The base (bicarbonate of soda) will then begin to take in these H+ ions. This reaction produces carbon dioxide which makes a fizzy feeling on your tongue. This reaction can be written as NaHCO3 (aq) + C6H8O7 -------> 3CO2 + 3H2O + C6H5O7Na3. 

What you just read was a chemical formula using each chemicals symbol instead of its name. Writing it this way instead of saying Water + Citric acid ----> (whatever the products would be) is shorter yet more detailed than what was shown just before. These are written to show what reactants are reacting together to make the products. The (aq) next to NaHCO (bicarbonate of soda) means that the substance will dissolve in water during the experiment. This symbol is only present in a formula if the solution is Aqueous. This means that the solvent (the substance dissolving the other chemicals) is water instead of another liquid.

Sphero EDU work

Sphero EDU work

                                         
For DTE this term we have started programming through basic javascript and block code with Sphero's edu app. The Sphero's are round circular balls that we enjoy playing with quite a lot. What you can do with them is definitely limited but there is still much creativity available such as using block or line code with variables to create a hot potato game with an object that would usually just be used for rolling around the place. Our assessment for this topic was to create additions to a game we have created through the basic block and javascript tutorials or make our own game.

My first plan was to do the Hot Potato game and change it to have periodic things that make it harder to catch or throw. I experimented around on javascript with the options available as well as on block code but unfortunately, I could not find a fun and interactive way to make multiple challenging "events" happen. Once I failed to implement my first idea I switched ideas around and instead tried to make a game like hot potatoe exept sometimes you would have to roll or answer a question instead of throwing it. This idea required quite a few variables making it much more of a challenge. However, I encountered a problem with getting the sphero to properly sense when it is being thrown. You do have an option that allows it to do this however I could not get it accurate enough to work at least 70% of the time.

I eventually had to scrap the rolling idea and instead make it either ask a question or be thrown. I had the timer variable set up and working and a system that would randomly select either a throw or a question. However, I was running out of time with about only 1 hour left and because of this, I could not finish this game I was planning. The things I still had to do but could not finish included setting up variables that chose random questions and (if possible) one that would get rid of a question from being able to be asked after being asked once. When a question would be chosen you would have x seconds depending on the round to answer it. There, of course, was no way for me to get the Sphero to recognize if you had gotten it right or wrong so it would be down to if the opponent listened well enough since the Sphero would answer itself after time ran out.

This period of time playing around and programming the Sphero have definitely been fun and interesting. I have experience with programming in Warcraft 3 which uses a unique code called JASS as well as gui for some stuff. Javascript I had not really experience with until now, it has definitely been good so far and I have started to learn some of the basics of this javascript. My only regret is not figuring out what I would do with the sphero and trying to think too outside the box. I should have done something smaller in scale yet I did not want to do something so "easy" yet I found out later on that these out of the box ideas were mostly impossible. The sphero is definitely a great thing for beginners in coding and can be a lot of fun.

Immigrating from Britain to New Zealand (story)

Immigrating from Britain to New Zealand

For Social Studies we have been looking at immigration. Specifically immigration from Britain to New Zealand. For part of our work, we have had to create a story of someone during these times immigrating to New Zealand. I personally wasn't too inspired with this story so it could have been much better but enjoy.


Journal Log 56, 20 weeks since I lost her

Once again I walk to this empty, tiny house, with just me left in it. I barely have any money to scrape by and at this rate, I’m going to die from working at that factory. It was fine when my family was still alive… but…. I need to start a new life but how to? I guess the only thing I can think of is to head to a new country. Spain? No. France? No. I don’t think I can go to any European country, they are all basically the same. Perhaps New Zealand. They advertise it as a fresh start and from what I’ve heard from the posters and photos… Yes, New Zealand sounds perfect. You can live your own free life, plenty of food and many safe jobs, it’s perfect. I can take a loan from someone and then board the ship and escape this cursed country. A new life… I wonder how it would go.
1 week later
“500, that’s my final offer.” “Fine 500 it is.” I shake hands with the loaner as he hands over the $500. He expects me to give him $2000 overtime by the end of this year, yet unknown to him is that I don’t plan to return. With this money, I can get into the rich section of the boat and have a pleasant trip to NZ. Do I feel bad? No. “If you don’t bring this money back you know the consequences!” His warning suddenly jolts me back to reality as his dark green eyes seem like they peer into my soul. No one has ever crossed these people before…. Well someone might off but now they would be in prison. The police aren’t exactly the most uncorrupt people.

“%^#&!” It’s almost time for the boat to leave. If I don’t get to it now………. I sprint out of the building but all I see is tons of traffic. There's not enough time to drive in this traffic so I sprint to the harbour desperately trying to reach the boat before it leaves. After 10 minutes of running, I see it, it’s like seeing heaven. “Leaving in 1 minute get your tickets and get onboard now!” I start sprinting but he seems to not notice me. He begins to pull the plank connecting the ship to the harbour. “Wait, please!” He turns around to notice me.

Part 2 the trip

It’s been 1 week since that exhilarating day and…. I must say it’s great here. My life is so much better on this boat, no job and no terrible household. The food is great, yesterday I got to try some seasoned lamb for the first time in my life. The constant rocking is a bit of a downside but thanks heavens I’m not in steerage. The conditions down there are dreadful. But it would be worth it. We are getting a new life soon, a new start, I can only imagine.

It’s now been about 2 months in. I’m dreadfully thirsty as much of our water has gone stale, the crew hurriedly attempt to boil the seawater to make it drinkable but I fear the worst. Being in first class as given me almost top priority but still seeing the horrors of people thrown overbored because of sickness or that water. It’s ironic how we are surrounded by water yet our most scarce resource is water. But I’m hopeful like always, we are almost there and the crew is stabilizing the conditions onboard.
Part 3

These violent storms shake me to the bones, I thought New Zealand would be a land of beauty yet all I see are rocks and storms. *Apparently we have been blown off course. The ships wood groans under pressure as it hits a rock*. What the hell was that? “Get out, go go go!” “What the hell are those? Open fire!” I hear the sound of muskets firing as people run off the deck either jumping onto land and running or desperately swimming away. I have to get out of here now! I open the door but all I see is bloodstained wood with some… brown coloured men? I’ve heard of these people called the Maori, but it was said they were in a way tame from their previous savage life by the British, yet here I stand with the Maori and British going after each other's throats. The captain of the ship scrambles up onto the deck desperately trying to hold off the advancing attack, yet to no avail as a spear strikes him in the thigh. Several people are being dragged away screaming I attempt to jump down but only get caught in a net used for fishing. Is this really how I go out?

I look up to see the last defender get thrown off the deck with a spear in his chest. The Maori warrior then eyes down me looking to see if I am alive when he realizes that I am he cuts the net and jumps down only to drag me away. I guess I did get a new life, instead of a poor factory worker I am now a Maori sacrifice. At least that seems like the type of thing they would do.


While many settlers did get to their destination (cities) there where quite a few cases of shipwrecks and Maori attacks. This unlucky ship suffered the same fate.

Fission vs Fusion. What is the difference?

Fission vs Fusion. What is the difference?

Nuclear fission and fusion are two different types of extremely powerful ways to produce energy using atoms. They both use different ways to create this energy and are in fact are almost if not 100% different from each other. In this blog post, I will talk about the differences between these two energy producers.

Fusion

Fusions meaning is two things coming together and combining, this is exactly what nuclear fusion is, two Isotopes combining (an Isotope is an atom that has a normal amount of protons but a different amount of neutrons.) Generally, the Isotopes are small, imbalanced, at an unstable temperature and in an extreme condition/being pressured. Fun fact about nuclear fusion is that it powers our sun. Our sun requires energy and gases to stay alive and burning and this energy comes from nuclear fusion. Many of the explosions on the sun are from the nuclear fusion reaction.

In the sun atoms of Tritium and Deuterium (they are both isotopes of Hydrogens, Hydrogen 3 being Tritium and Deuterium being Hydrogen 2.) When these two Hydrogen Isotopes combine they form a Helium nucleus. This process creates an extreme amount of energy (the amount of energy produced depends on the isotopes used but generally fusion produces more energy than fission.) The two Isotopes will form a more stable element (in this case Helium.) However, the stable element will not be able to contain all of the energy from the previous two isotopes combined. Because of this quite a lot of the energy in the previous two isotopes will be left behind then that leftover energy will be used for civilization. While the sun uses almost only Hydrogen to create Helium these are not the only elements used in nuclear Fusion.

The problem with Fusion currently is that scientists haven't found a way to control the energy that has been let use from the reaction. Because of this, they are yet to create a fusion reactor that can reach the full potential of fusion energy. The benefits of Fusion reaction are quite great, it produces little radiation compared to fission and generally much more energy.

Fission

The word Fission means "a splitting or breaking up into parts". Like it sounds it is the exact opposite of fusion. Fusion is two isotopes combining whereas Fission is when a big atom breaks apart.  An atom about to do fission is also quite unstable with it having an unormal amount of neutrons and a normal amount of protons.

The Atom when under this extreme pressure and conditions will break apart after being hit by a stray neutron. This reaction generates the energy used in a fission reactor. However, this reaction causes other chain reactions by sending out a Neutron which then smashes into other atoms making this reaction happen once again. In a Fission reactor, they use special rods to separate all of the Atoms and stopping a massive amount of Atoms all doing a fission reaction at once. If this happened all the energy released as well as nuclear waste would explode causing the generator to have a meltdown. That is a basic overview of what causes a generator to explode.

As well as energy and a Neutron nuclear fission will release two wasteful nuclear atoms. These atoms are generally useless and just take up space and damage people due to radiation. However, sometimes the waste produced has a bit of use. For example, long-lasting nuclear atoms generally emit a lot less radiation, these types of nuclear atoms can be used in reinforcing bullets and armour. The reason why this is safe and possible is that nuclear atoms have a half-life. This means that by the time the atom reaches halfway into its life it will off lost 50% of its energy due to Atom decay. For example, carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730. The good thing about long halve lives is that the longer their half-life is the less radiation they give out every second making long-lasting atomic atoms safer to be around than small life ones. However, of course, an extended period of time around these will cause reactions.

Nuclear Power 

All of this ties into the average citizen through nuclear power. Nuclear power is made through the energy produced by these reactions in a generator (or nuclear atoms decaying). Once that process is done the nuclear power is then distributed to the everyday citizens to power stuff such as your lights, chargers, devices connected by a cable and many other different things. Currently, nuclear fission is the most used way to create nuclear energy due to the fact that nuclear fusion is yet to be perfected.

Conclusion

As you can see these two different methods of energy production are indeed very different. Fusion definitely seems like the preferred way to create energy (once we finally accomplish using it in a generator safely). The reason for that is that Fission generally creates less energy and more nuclear waste due to it splitting into two nuclear atoms with generally no use.

How media shapes your gender and some previous DTE work

How media shapes your gender

Media is dangerous but amazing at the same time. It shapes how we see our world and how we are raised, it allows someone from Australia and someone in America to communicate as if they were right next to each other. It conveys messages, sometimes fake sometimes true. These messages can shape peoples beliefs and ideas, an example is how the general amount of media depicts Males and Females. This applies to all genders no matter what you identify as however it mostly affects the two sexes, this, of course, is Male and Female. A quick example is some of the more recent feminism. Feminism is what gave women equality in many of the country's we see today, however, quite a few people now have taken it into man shaming. This man shamming is created to make men feel bad about their gender, it stereotypes every single man born and paints them as evil oppressors that seek only to use people to get their own way. However this, of course, is not true, yes sure there are men that do that but there are also many women that do it as well. The point is that this media is designed to inflict harm to the male population and it does this by convincing women that men are bad causes these people to lash out at men. It also makes males that take in this media to look down on themselves and their gender, therefore, it shapes their views and how they are a person. 

For our project in DTE, we used the site Digital Bytes. On this site, we could choose a topic, then watch a video that generalises it and then looks at a question asked and answer it with our thoughts. Then we watched another video based on if we wanted to look at how women are affected by media or how men are. Then we answered some more questions with our thoughts. I chose the men side so I will cover that more than the Women side of this topic. However that is not to say that Women don't have it as bad as Men since in my opinion, both sides share the same amount of hardship from media shaping their gender, however, it happens to both of them with some differences and similarities.

So to start it off I watched the Gender and Media video. You can access it by clicking on this sentence. Next, I answered one of the questions given about the video. "What was the biggest takeaway from the video?" The biggest takeaway, in my opinion, is the fact that this is happening to this extent. That so much of our behaviour these days is from these gender stereotypes and that every day there are teens that are giving in to what the media says about them shaping their personality and thoughts of themselves. Girls are told that they should look good, this causes females to have so much more thoughts of their looks worrying if someone thinks they are ugly and this leads to many seeing themselves as ugly and in many cases getting into depressed moods. It's made even worse by people that have anxiety disorders or depression. Guys are taught that you should look for looks in a female, however, they are also taught to not show emotions such as depression and worry-fulness, that they are supposed to always be the strong person and dominant. However, one point I do disagree with in the videos is a bit of what they say. This subject is a bit of an older topic but it still shows just not in the exact way they say. Small things like Household violence cases favouring females and new stereotypes have arisen while some are no longer a thing. One point I really disagree with is them talking about movie and video game violence as a research project has proven it to not do that. 

The last activity was to look at what an ideal man is like to the media. An Ideal man shown in the media is strong, good looking and all of that stuff. However, in real life, you will find that this is barely anyone it is mostly celebrities that make out that they are like this as it helps them get more views and fans.


Here is some of my previous work around this topic.
 https://infograph.venngage.com/ps/isCds6Xe8Yo/being-cybersmart is an infographic about cyber smart
https://infograph.venngage.com/ps/rfVPTtNF57Q/how-to-customize-your-infographic-template is a infographic on ergonomics

Looking at bones and muscles as well as a bit about blood cells while using a cows leg

Looking at bones and muscles as well as a bit about blood cells

My class has just recently started the Medical Science part of the Scipad and with this is multiple experiments/investigations on dead animals or other things. The first one we had the luxury of doing was a cow leg. With this cow leg, our aim was to witness how muscles push. The thing with muscles is they will only ever push never pull which is why you have multiple muscles of the opposite sides in your body. Such as your arm and legs. For example when you put your arm in an L shape your tricep relaxes but your bicep contracts to push it out, the opposite happens when you bring your arm back down.

A bit about muscles

In the cow leg, you can see a bunch of flesh around the knee and the rest stripped this is because this was sent to butcher first, however, the main stuff we are looking at is there since people don't generally eat them. We used the top bone to control the muscles so for example when we pulled down the bone the bottom muscle near the knee would contract while the top one relaxes, you can see this in the small movement of the knee. There is also a white circle on it that would come in and go out depending on the movement of the leg, this is the knee cap. You can see this on the top right of the fleshy bit of the knee. On the opposite side of the knee cap, you can also find a small socket bit where some of the bone would come into when pulling the leg down.

Muscle Cramp

A muscle cramp is a common thing that affects people. It is caused by many different things. For example, overuse of the muscle, pregnancy because of losing of minerals in the body, exposure to cold temperature, diseases that affect muscles, positioning your legs in awkward ways, sitting for too long, standing still for too long, dehydration and certain medicines/drugs. As you can see muscle cramps can generally happen with underuse/overuse as well as a lack of water and minerals. When the muscle doesn't have what it depends on or not used in the right amount it will cramp.


A muscle cramp is when the muscle painfully contracts by itself, this causes pain in the body at the location and generally lasts several seconds to a few minutes. It only happens to muscles we can control so mostly legs and arms. Scientists have labelled cramps into different forms such as the true cramp. A true cramp is when a muscle of generally a group of muscles is triggered to cramp by the nerve system. These are the most common cramp triggered by stuff like massive injury, rest and dehydration and body fluid changes as well as low mineral count in your body. Tenaty is another type of cramp where all nerve systems are activated. This type of cramp will generally cause your muscles around the mouth to tingle and go numb, it can cause spasm in your hands and wrists. This is triggered by low blood calcium, low magnesium, muscle stimulation and hyperactivity. They sometimes can be extremely similar to true cramps because they have some of the same causes.

How do bones/joints work

How do bones work? Well, basically bones can't move so it needs some type of thing to give the force required to move it. If we didn't have muscles we would be lifeless, muscles open our mouths, our body depends on these muscles to survive. Muscles are connected to the bones through what's called a tendon. A tendon is a flexible stretchy piece of flesh in your body, it is needed to be this way since if it wasn't the tendon would just break when the muscle contracted. The tendon is required so that most muscles are kept in place and in some cases around your body they connect special muscles such as your eye to the rest of your body allowing you to use this body part. Now going back to just bones, to form stuff like your leg and arm two bones will connect and create a joint. Without joints, our skeletons would fall apart and without multiple bones, for stuff like the leg, we wouldn't have the flexibility we have.


If we had one bone in our leg we would not be able to move half of it while keeping the other halve the same. We can do this with our legs and arms because of our elbows/knees which are joints. Bones can't really move against each other as well which would cause them to break and wear away so the joints also provide a solution to that! First of all, ligaments connect the two bones, to stop the bones wearing away the ends of the bones have cartilage which reduces friction between the bones and acts as a shock absorbent. It is kept slippery and lubricated so it doesn't wear away as well by the synovial fluid which is produced by a synovial membrane. This is the structure of a joint and allows the movement and flexibility we have.

Osteoporosis

Ever wondered why old people have so brittle bones and commonly can break a bone just by falling? This is because the cartilage wears away possibly because of a lack of fluid or other reasons, because of this the bone then wear away with no cartilage to s/top them and eventually the bones get extremely weak causing this to happen. This problem can also occur in younger people because of the same reasons old people just have it more commonly because of living so long. Below is a video of us cutting through the bone.

Bone Growth

When you are born you have tiny bones, you don't have the type of bones you would have as an adult. Overtime bones will fuse together as well as growing. As you age cartilage grows bigger and that cartilage then forms into a bone with calcium, later on, this process is called ossification. During this process, hundreds of calcium layers and phosphate salts gather on the cartilage. After a while, this will cause the cartilage cells to die. Once this is done blood cells will grow into tiny pockets in this area, these blood cells will help by containing a unique cell called osteoblasts. Osteoblasts help carry additional calcium and produce a substance called collagen fibres. This fibre provides strength and cushioning, it is found all around our body with a lot in the skin and around tendons/joints.



These osteoblasts also produce cortical bones that will surround the cartilage. This bone is found throughout the body around organs it supports the whole body and is responsible for storing and releasing certain chemical elements. After a while, a cell called osteoclasts will end up in a developing bone. This cell will use an acid called Hydrolytic enzymes and other acids to dissolve a small bone part to make room for more bone marrow. This is repeated until most of the cartilage in your body has dissolved and all your bones have grown which generally happens around the age of 20. A topic relating to this is what happens when your bone breaks?


Well, how does a bone break anyway? A bone generally breaks when to much force is applied to it such as a heavy object falling onto your arm. This applies a lot of pressure onto your arm and if it is heavy enough and fell far enough your bone will most likely break. When a bone breaks it will attempt to heal itself for this to happen it must be positioned in a certain way, this is why you are given casts. The body will create blood clots around the broken bone and shortly after the bone will start to create small threads. These threads will eventually combine through the same method that a bone grows.

A bit about blood cells and bone marrow

Inside the bone you can find the bone marrow, there are two types of bone marrow. There are however two types of bone marrow and two stem cells. The Hemopoietic stem cell produces blood cells whereas the Stromal stem cell produces fat cartilage and bone. The two types of bone marrow are yellow while the other is red.


You start your life with only red bone marrow however you will gain yellow bone marrow based on fat. Although as you get older you WILL start to gain more yellow bone marrow. Red marrow focuses completely on blood cell production so in the case of massive blood lose the body will convert yellow marrow into red marrow to aid in stopping death. The red bone marrow will produce white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. White blood cells are responsible for defending you from infection in your blood, they are produced in a higher concentration when someone is fighting off a disease/infection and are there killed off after defeating an infection. However white blood cells are at an extremely low quantity in our blood only being 1% of the cells located in our blood, however, of course, this % will slightly increase when an infection is located in you.


Platelets are tiny fragments in your blood that will create clots to help with bleeding however if they somehow clot in your blood and that clot travels to your heart you will have a heart attack, and if it goes to your brain you will have a stroke. These are both extremely dangerous conditions that can easily kill you. Platelets are less than 1% of the produced blood cells. Red blood cells contain chemicals that transport oxygen through your blood they make up 45% of the cells in your blood and are required so much because our blood needs to transport oxygen to give to our muscles and organs. Without this oxygen collected from the lung and then transported with the help of these red blood cells, we would end up dead as our muscles and organs require oxygen like our lungs do and there is no way to bring it around without the blood cells. Plasma is also part of the blood cell group it carries nutrients through the blood so it contributes majorly to the digestive system however bone marrow does not produce this.

A message in Super girl S2 E3

A message from Supergirl S2 E3

Continuing in English with our look at messages in media that we watch. We watched an episode of Supergirl. This episode was all about the President wanting to sign a policy that lets Aliens be treated as equals by the government and be allowed to come out and live freely. A message in this is to not judge others based on past history with their homeland. 

This theme appears in the middle section of the episode when Supergirl imprisons a Daxomite. She believes this person is trying to kill the president and refuses to believe otherwise because of past history with that country. Back in the day her homeland and Daxomite fought a war that she was told was pointless and caused by the other side. However, the Daxomite was told that the other side had started it and they where the good guys. This situation occurs in the real world in many cases. Both sides are told a story that is filled with an agenda. Propaganda is a big example of this, propaganda is media that is controlled by the party making it to either make a group or individual look like terrible people or make themselves look amazing. In wartime, this happens all the time and it happens today all the time. A big example is North Korea, many of the citizens in NK believe their leader is amazing and that the western countries are oppressive nations that are trying to steal NK's power. However, of course, we believe NK is a terrible country that should be taken care off. This is due to intense propaganda in NK's media, in fact almost all of the media there is Propaganda. This even applies to everyday situations. The message definitely is a great message as this type of brainwashing is quite bad in our world and can cause conflicts all because of manipulation from the government from an old feud.

Ethics of cloning and some of my personal views on it

Ethics Of Cloning

Cloning is when you create an exact copy of an organism using some of the DNA of the cloned organism. However, there are many conflicts with Religious, Cultural and Philosophical beliefs. In this blog post, I will show you many of the conflicts with these ethics as well as give my own personal belief on cloning.

My Personal Beliefs

I believe making the clone a non-sentient organism that is more like an unfeeling robot rather than a real naturally created organism is fine. Making cloned sheep or other animals to feed Humanity is generally ok to me as long as they are unfeeling and basically like robots with natural body parts. Making clones for wars is alright as well in my opinion as long as they don't develop sentience and a personality. Creating a life form that feels and is like a Human and sending it into a bloody war to die is just like enlisting a young 18 year old to fight in a war that they will most likely die in. If they were unfeeling and robot-like, then yes I am fine with that, they have no life and have no feelings of what they are doing. Cloning could also be used in this way to help with lack of Humans in a certain area of job and Cloning could even save humanity if somehow one-day humanity is at the point of extinction. Another thing is that cloned food products are less likely to be disease-ridden and infect Humans that digest it, unlike naturally made animals. Clones, in my opinion, are fine and good but I do draw the line in many cases if they become sentient.

Religious Ethics

Catholics: Catholics have a sort of situational view on cloning. Based on their religious beliefs of the beginning of a person's life they believe that cloning a Human just to exploit it is a massive sin to god. For example, creating a Human clone and sending it to its death is a sin. However many of them do believe that it could be good in Jesus's eyes and help cure the sick and heal the blinded as well as many other issues Humans may face involving infection and disease.

Jewish: Ever since the first clone Jew's have debated on what their stance on Cloning is. This is because nothing about cloning is really mentioned in their religion so many different views have arisen and there is no definitive stance on cloning in their religion

Islam: Islam has no definitive stance from their beliefs so just like with Judaism they have many different opinions. However, quite a few Muslim scholars have realized the benefits if used in the "right" way (right as in their views of the right way). A massive contribution to this as that they believe the soul does not exist until a later stage of conception.

Christian: Most Christians are against the main type of cloning but are a bit more light-hearted towards cloning targeted towards our health. A major part of this is because they are worried about Humans playing god. In their eyes creating our own lives might be messing with gods views and they fear of overstepping the boundaries of the natural order.

For most religions, it comes down to where they consider life to start and if they believe a God plays a part in creating a new life. Every religion's stance on cloning is mostly based on past texts in their version of the bible or other historical sayings/texts for religious followers. This creates an issue for quite a few religions like Judaism where they can't really find a good or bad perspective on cloning based on their religious texts.

Philosophical

Philosophical ethics: Cloning ethics is a major debate among philosophers and just controversial in general. Many science groups, governments and especially religion is against reproductional cloning as of now. A science group even put forward that we should cease any reproductional cloning until evidence of it being completely safe is discovered otherwise until then they believe we should not use reproduction cloning. Some believe that reproductive cloning is contrary to Human Dignity. Some also speculate on how problems could arise with clones such as a female donor would be more like a twin instead of a mother of their clone "child".

How cloning works

Cloning is a more recent science first done in 1997 but how is it done? Well, first of all, you need a skin cell and a female donor. A skin cell contains 46 chromosomes of the person you are trying to clone. This is needed because chromosomes are like a genetic code that is always different from other chromosomes in other peoples bodies. This is why we look different, we have different chromosomes. You also need a non fertilized egg cell which would have 23 chromosomes. Then you would remove the nucleus from the egg since that contains the chromosomes and you can't really have two nuclei in the same egg. Next, this is repeated with the other person's skin cell however there nucleus is then put into the female egg since that is the reproduction cell used by humans and most mammals. Now the egg has the "data" it needs to create the person you are trying to clone and after around 9 months poof you have a lil baby clone. The reason why the birthing of clones is also a problem to some religions is that they believe the soul enters at a certain age, Christians, for example, believe it comes at the start of conception.

What would happen if we started cloning random things and what are the precautions we should take?

So what would happen if you did? Well, first of all, there are precautions you must take. Why? Well because there is a risk of cloning something that had a disease or the meat inside a cloned animal has the potential to suffer unique infections. There could be hidden infections that affect this created meat and many other possibilities. This is a major problem for many people with their view on cloning, how do we stop a worldwide issue happening? Scientists have already examined some cloned meat and believe it is safe for consumption but what about what we don't know? This is the question that bothers so many people. So what can we do to stop that? Scientists could test the meat in certain environments and around certain infections to figure out if it does get unusual effects that normal meat would not. If not brilliant we mostly fixed that issue.

However, if it does scientists will need to contain it and then test how to remove it and stop it from infecting the food in the first place. This is a process used to help fix that situation that could be used over and over again. However, now let's move onto what would happen if it becomes a majorly used thing. Religious groups such as Christians will voice their concern and most likely have a new tradition of trying to eat only properly made food, they would most likely not accept cloned people into their religion viewing them as having no soul and unethical. Meanwhile, dozens of donors would be cloned to create a new army once this is done millions of people will be jobless as cloned people would replace them in the army creating poverty.


The food market will have a strange situation where they have an unlimited supply of meat and other food products, this could very possibly damage the food economy if not properly managed. Many Humans will naturally turn against cloned people and turn against them viewing them as inhuman. However benefits will arise, countries will have the people they need for jobs and even better they don't have to pay for them, medical science will greatly raise and third world countries will have the manpower and supply to progress much faster. However, if control is not kept on cloning massive problems will occur. All the jobs could be filled with clones leaving basically everyone poor since they have no job causing the job owners to get poor since they can't charge people much money since these people are... guess what? Poor this, in turn, makes the government poor since they can't tax the citizens since they get no money causing worldwide poverty issues.


A massive event of "Racism"/whatever you all it for clones would occur. We are bad enough to people just because they have a different colour imagine what would happen if they were created from a factory. Smart and controlled use of cloning MUST be used otherwise chaos can and will erupt and the work leading up to cloning would be useless as public pressure and overuse of cloning would of greatly damages our society.

Tarzan stuff

Tarzan Stuff

In the first few weeks of english we have been working on perspective and messages in movies and books comparing to the world world. To help us understand we watched the Tarzan movie. After we watched it we had to compare events and messages in it to the real world. We have had to take a quote "Two Worlds, One Family" and take two messages and talk about them.

Here is my definition for the Quote Two Worlds, One Family. "The quote means that animals and Human are psychologically in a different world but in the same at the same time. In this case, the Gorillas and Tarzan are in one world but the Humans are in another world but Tarzan has one family which ends up being the Humans that stayed and the Gorillas"

Here are my two other messages I made a paragraph about.

In Tarzan, a big theme is about different cultures and how a more advanced culture may interact with a more “Primitive” culture that is discovered. This movie links to stuff like the British colonization of NZ were British troops tried to take the land and eventually warred with the Maori. It happened in the real world so much and even today it happens when cultures collide or Religions collide. The way it is shown here is the Humans come to find and eradicate the Gorillas while the two explorers want to save them. This shows a dynamic in the real world as well were people from the same culture and religion don’t want the war to continue or the conquest of other cultures/religions.

Another theme is about how nature is also a living thing and should not be needlessly trampled over like it was in the movie. They show the Animals in the jungle as living things with their own cultures traditions and language that talk to each other and are caring to each other just trying to survive in a peaceful place. When the Humans come you see their terrified expressions and how their Alpha male Kerchak gets extremely defensive and rushes at them to protect his family. It shows that in this world Humans are like Animals in a way. Which is true was are made from the same thing and both us and animals have communities families and stuff like that we are more similar than what a lot of people believe.

first health on spiritual

Alright so in health we are learning about spiritual well being which involved religion and all that stuff. Culture as well and values. So spiritual well being evolves around your values, traditions and beliefs. for example someone that beliefs in religion as well as has a culture they practice is quite spiritual.

We had to choose some values that are most important to us and I chose is enjoyment and kindness. These are important to me because you need kindness and enjoyment in your life otherwise what is it really worth. When people are having fun with you and treating you well you do feel great and it is alot of fun.

Top 5 human rights (In MY OPINION)

Top 5 Human Rights in my opinion

For my first Social Studies topic in 2019 we are looking at slavery. We are reading a book called Iqbal which you can find online as well as doing some tasks on Human rights right now. If you don't know what human rights are basically they are 30 rights the UN declared. These rights are for all Humans and cover basic things that are bad for us such as slavery as well as trying to guarantee us a education as a child. My first task is to look at the Human rights and select 5 that I believe are the most needed.

5. Freedom from torture and degrading treatment

Wars still happen and they are terrible like they always war. Country's like America are working behind the scenes to prepare for a war most likely. In these events people can be caught up in the crossfire and possibly sometimes believed to be the enemy imagine being tortured because you were believed to be apart of the other side. Or just being a conscript in an army that you believe is doing the right thing and having to face torture.

4.  Freedom from interference with Privacy, Family, Home and Correspondence

Being able to have your own family without it being taken away from you is important to someone. Many people need their family and those that have lost them wish them back. Having the government take your family away from you would be catastrophic and giving the government the power to do this without reason can create much turmoil in the country. Your home is in many cases what you worked hard for earning money to keep or pay for having that just taken from you is the same as family but to a lesser extent. Privacy is vital as well to a persons life these days losing our right to these things would create many problems and outcry in the people that life on earth.

3. Freedom of belief and religion

Religion is a massive thing in this world. I myself don't believe in it however many do and many wars have been started over religion. When a government or movement attempt to restrict a belief or someones religion they will bite back. This can become really nasty and possibly start a civil war or a movement. Some people need their religion to believe in, if you stop them from being able to they will rebel it is the same as freedom of opinion in a way.

2. Right to free education

Education in a society is vital, if our education wasn't free the legitimately poor will find it hard to send their children to school to get a education. Without a proper education what will happen with these people? There are many things that the lack of school will do to them. They will make less friends unlike if a person did go to school, affecting their social skills massively, they will have no idea about how to get a nice job that can get them into a better state in their life. They perhaps might not even understand English properly if their family does not teach them much. Without a free education poorer family's will have added money costs and in quite a few cases will have children not even able to go to school without endangering the family.

1. Freedom from slavery

In my opinion slavery is one of the worst kinds of things to happen to a person. You could be enslaved from the age of 8 all the way to the point where you are no longer to able to work well at the age of possibly 50. Imagine a whole life where you get a couple of meals a week, are not able to talk to people often and in many cases chained, beaten and punished for any mistake, in many cases slaves are given a false hope of freedom by their slave master however in the end many stay enslaved for their whole life. Child slaves are still a massive thing today where 10 year olds work for years making bricks or carpets in some country's and given a "reward' which in reality is a false hope that will never come.